Terms
All Terms
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Basic
Psychology
Psychology
The scientific study of mind and behavior, exploring the causes and processes of human thought, emotion, and action.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognition
Cognition
The mental processes of acquiring, storing, transforming, and using information. Includes perception, memory, thinking, language, and problem-solving.
Cognitive Psychology
Metacognition
Metacognition
Awareness of one's own thought processes. Knowing what you know and what you don't know.
Cognitive Psychology
Schema
Schema
An organized knowledge structure about the world. Acts as a framework for interpreting and remembering new information.
Cognitive Psychology
Heuristic
Heuristic
Experience-based shortcuts for quickly solving complex problems. Efficient but can cause errors.
Cognitive Psychology
Framing Effect
Framing Effect
The phenomenon where people react differently to a choice depending on how it is presented (framed).
Cognitive Psychology
Confirmation Bias
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
Cognitive Psychology
Gambler's Fallacy
Gambler's Fallacy
The mistaken belief that if an event happens more frequently than normal, it will happen less frequently in the future.
Cognitive Psychology
Sunk Cost Fallacy
Sunk Cost Fallacy
The phenomenon where a person is reluctant to abandon a course of action because they have invested heavily in it.
Cognitive Psychology
Flow
Flow
A psychological state of being deeply absorbed in an activity, losing track of time and self-awareness. Occurs when skill level matches challenge difficulty.
Social Psychology
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance
An uncomfortable psychological state experienced when there is inconsistency between one's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
Social Psychology
Groupthink
Groupthink
A phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a decision-making group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision.
Social Psychology
Social Loafing
Social Loafing
The tendency for people to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone.
Social Psychology
Bystander Effect
Bystander Effect
A phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
Social Psychology
Halo Effect
Halo Effect
A cognitive bias where one positive trait (like physical attractiveness) influences the overall perception of a person.
Social Psychology
Spotlight Effect
Spotlight Effect
The phenomenon where people tend to overestimate how much others notice their appearance or behavior.
Social Psychology
Gaslighting
Gaslighting
Emotional abuse that manipulates someone's psychology or situation to make them doubt their own judgment.
Social Psychology
Stockholm Syndrome
Stockholm Syndrome
A psychological phenomenon where hostages develop sympathy for their captors. The concept remains debated in academia.
Social Psychology
Attribution
Attribution
The process of explaining the causes of behavior. Divided into internal (personality) and external (situational) attribution.
Clinical Psychology
PTSD
PTSD
A disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event (trauma).
Clinical Psychology
OCD
OCD
A disorder characterized by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviors.
Clinical Psychology
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
A mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration.
Clinical Psychology
Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks.
Clinical Psychology
Narcissism
Narcissism
Self-centeredness arising from failure to distinguish the self from external objects. Need for admiration and lack of empathy.
Psychoanalysis
Defense Mechanism
Defense Mechanism
Unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with reality and maintain self-image.
Psychoanalysis
Projection
Projection
A defense mechanism that attributes one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others.
Clinical Psychology
Depression
Depression
A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.
Clinical Psychology
Burnout Syndrome
Burnout Syndrome
A state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress.
Neuroscience
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to change its structure and function based on experience. The neurological basis for learning and recovery.
Neuroscience
Dopamine
Dopamine
A neurotransmitter associated with reward, motivation, and pleasure. It makes us 'want' more.
Neuroscience
Serotonin
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Low levels are linked to depression.
Neuroscience
Amygdala
Amygdala
A part of the limbic system involved in processing strong emotions like fear and anger.
Neuroscience
Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex
The front part of the brain responsible for complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, and decision making.
Neuroscience
Split-Brain
Split-Brain
A condition where the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed.
Developmental Psychology
Attachment
Attachment
A strong emotional bond formed between an infant and primary caregiver. Influences later interpersonal relationship patterns.
Developmental Psychology
Object Permanence
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
Developmental Psychology
Theory of Mind
Theory of Mind
The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires—to oneself and others.
Learning Psychology
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired (Bell + Food).
Learning Psychology
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.
Learning Psychology
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
A stimulus or event that increases the frequency of a specific behavior. Divided into positive and negative reinforcement.
Learning Psychology
Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness
A state where a person feels unable to avoid negative events because of past failures.
Humanistic
Maslow's Hierarchy
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A theory describing the stages of human growth in a pyramid of needs, from physiological to self-actualization.
Psychoanalysis
Id, Ego, Superego
Id, Ego, Superego
The three agents in the psychic apparatus defined in Freud's structural model of the psyche.
Psychoanalysis
Free Association
Free Association
A practice in psychoanalytic therapy where a client shares thoughts without censorship.
Perception Psychology
Synesthesia
Synesthesia
A phenomenon where stimulation of one sense triggers experiences in another sense. Such as seeing colors when hearing sounds.
Perception Psychology
Pareidolia
Pareidolia
The psychological phenomenon of finding meaningful patterns (usually faces) in ambiguous stimuli.
Basic
Placebo Effect
Placebo Effect
A phenomenon where symptoms improve after receiving a fake treatment, due to belief in its effectiveness.
Social Psychology
Door-in-the-Face
Door-in-the-face
A persuasion technique where a large request (expected to be refused) is made first, then a smaller (intended) request follows.